I have made exactly the extension you need! Rewind is a Google Chrome extension that displays your bookmarks filtered by date, with thumbnails and instant search. It takes one click to see the links you saved yesterday, last week, last month. It's totally free and it relies on your local bookmarks, you don't have to create an account.

If you like it, please share the link around!

https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/rewind/oghafdocdmlkkjipdmnikdcgekjpiapf